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Stalking: New Technologies, New Terrors
Every Step You Take . . . Every Move You Make . . . My GPS Unit Will Be Watching You
Ann N. Dapice, PhD
Forensics in Oklahoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach Saint Francis Health System and the Tulsa Police Department June 13, 2008
First, I want to thank St. Francis and the Tulsa Police Department for holding this conference.
The subtitle of this presentation is: “Every Step You Take…Every Move You Make…My GPS Unit will be watching You.” It is taken from the title of an article in the Popular Science magazine. Obviously, it’s a new take on the famous—and infamous—Sting lyrics “Every breath you take, Every move you make, Every bond you break, Every step you take, I'll be watching you.” But there are other song lyrics that are, strangely, related: Cole Porter’s “Birds do it, bees do it, even educated fleas do it, let’s do it, let’s fall in love.” And there are the lyrics by Irving Berlin: “They say that falling in love is wonderful, it’s wonderful, so they say. They say that (dopamine highs are) wonderful, wonderful…” And this is the complexity of stalking and our societal response to stalking—why stalkers are most often “successful” at what they do and why they most frequently go free to continue their crimes.
Statistics
Here are the numbers: During this one hour presentation today, 180 individuals will become stalking victims in the US. More than one million women and nearly 400,000 men are stalked in the US every year. It is estimated that only half of stalking crimes are ever reported by victims. In comparison, 1.2 million people are diagnosed with heart attacks and 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually. You are far more likely to be stalked than to be diagnosed with breast cancer. Your chances of being diagnosed with a heart attack are less than your being stalked. Breast cancer, heart attacks and stalking kill if not responded to. Stalking is a broad public health problem. In 2006, it was reported (Spitzberg) that 2 to13 percent of males and 8 to 32 percent of females will be stalking victims at some point in their lives—and we know that many male victims have not been included in the data. American Indian women are more likely to be stalked than any other racial group (17%), mostly by non-Indians, compared to white women (8.2%), African-American women (6.5%), and Asian/Pacific women (4.5%). Research indicates that 53% of mental health workers are stalked by their clients. Thirteen percent of campus students are stalked. And for every “designated” victim there are children, siblings, parents, grandparents, neighbors, friends, co-workers, and employers who are negatively affected as well. Nearly two-thirds of stalkers have biological children. It is a criminal offense, yet research demonstrates that few stalkers are ever arrested or prosecuted. They are usually older, more intelligent, have higher levels of education, and are engaged in higher status jobs than other criminals. These characteristics make them closer to white collar criminals in nature. And they are more lethal than any other group of criminals. They enlist others to assist them in their crimes. Compared to other crimes, few justice resources are spent on the problem. Yet, the Center for Disease Control says that the cost of stalking is more than $342 million annually due to the resulting psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress syndrome) and lost work time of victims. These numbers do not include the growing information we have on the impact of the continued acute stress over time where released cortisol attacks not only the brain, but various parts of the body as well.
Not only do we need to know the technologies of all kinds that stalkers use, but we also need to know the brain imaging technology that helps explain what is going on in their brains—and the brain imaging and personality types that distinguish stalkers from batterers. This science and technology is crucial to our understanding of how to respond to stalkers. So I’m talking today about 1) the methods and technologies that stalkers use, 2) what is going on in their brains, 3) the helplessness and terror victims experience both as a result of the crime but also that neither they, nor anyone else, seems able to make it stop. It is critical to the victims, and the stalkers, that the behavior be stopped. The longer stalkers stalk, the worse their conditions become. And the longer they stalk, the greater damage done to the various victims. I’m also talking today about our inappropriate societal response to the crime of stalking.
Tool users
And people are used as tools. This can’t be emphasized enough. How many of you work or attend school? // How many of you have children, relatives, friends, co-workers? // How many of you have pets? How many of these would you seek to protect if a stalker threatened their lives? All of these are used by stalkers. But stalkers are also experts in using other people to help them stalk.
The pattern of “obsessive following” described by stalking expert Reid Meloy takes many forms: phone calls (landline and cell), home surveillance, following on foot and by car, showing up in the workplace or classroom, sending letters and emails, spreading gossip to family, friends and coworkers, “gas lighting” (an old movie term which means trying to make victims think they are “losing their minds”), damaging property, threatening to harm others, breaking and entering, sending unwanted gifts, physically and sexually assaulting victims, injuring and killing pets, kidnapping, and arson. // Stalkers wiretap, attach tracking devices to cars, computers and phones, and engage in systematic mail theft. // They invade bank accounts and records through electronic means, often emptying the accounts. // They do identity theft—they were doing it before there was a name for it! They steal driver’s licenses, passports, birth certificates, and social security numbers—and these in our modern world are required in nearly everything we do. // When no one can get the information, they do. It’s amazing what they can learn by spending only a little money online. // Stalkers also make death threats to family, friends and employers who are trying to assist the victim. Stalkers break many laws, yet we only hold them accountable for specific behaviors listed under so-called stalking laws—even though most of these actions are crimes taken separately. How many of you think that it’s OK to damage someone else’s property, break and enter, steal money by invading bank accounts, do identity theft, kidnap a child, commit arson, do mail theft—whether or not stalking is involved? // Stalkers often flaunt the law in other lesser ways—not bothering with driver’s licenses or auto insurance that would cause the rest of us to be stopped and caught. What is the secret of their Teflon magic where the crime doesn’t stick to them?
Nature of stalkers and their enablers
The higher intelligence of stalkers accounts for their resourceful and manipulative skills when their intelligence is misdirected. And their intelligence allows them to quickly pick up and use new technology. As more educated people, they tend to have a stronger support system and appear to be less suspect to those who might otherwise not believe them. After describing a particularly bizarre example of her ex-husband stalker’s paying someone to break into her house and commit a strange act, one Oklahoma victim said, “He’s a high status attorney in town. Why would they believe me?”
Stalkers excel in planning, scheming and subtlety. They switch from one method to another. They use mind games and let the victim know through shifting strategies that they can find the victim anywhere. And as I just noted, stalking victims often report such bizarre behaviors that they have trouble convincing others of what is happening—especially friends, family, law enforcement, and counselors. Another problem is that stalkers prey on the rejection or betrayal that most of us have experienced. These experiences can leave us ready to believe that victims “deserve” what they get because of the pain suffered from rejection. Stalkers tell people that all they want is to “get back together with” their spouse, partner, girl friend, boy friend—they are “pros” at convincing others how much they “love” the victim and their “commitment” to the relationship. People and institutions, especially religion, fall for this. Our societal ethos of romantic love makes us admire people who can admit to how much they are “in love,” how committed they are, to a person. In fact, the observation has been made that popular American culture, “including but not limited to, movies, television, and music, tacitly sanctions” stalking (Meloy, 1998, p. 7).
We humans also have a tendency to blame the victim. It serves to protect us by thinking that such couldn’t happen to us. An example in the real story behind the movie, “Stalking Laura,” where Silicon Valley company-based stalking existed, the Human Resources person asked the quiet, smart and well educated Laura, “Do you always smile like that?” Stalkers often begin preparing and telling their stories and isolating the victims well before the victims are aware of what is happening. They are talented in their ability to play the emotions of others and enlist others in assisting them in their stalking behaviors—especially those who can help them in specific ways. Another psychological mechanism used by humans is denial. It is well known to cause people to look the other way when faced with horrible behavior—whether child abuse, parental molestation or stalking.
When in positions of power, stalkers can have more than usual control over others. On one Oklahoma campus, a psychology professor, also former student counseling director, was later learned to have stalked three men—all leaders in the community. Eventually they each learned they’d been stalked by the same woman. Her skill in target shooting was used in threats against them, their children and their jobs. She was armed at all times. She constantly called, harassed and threatened. She abducted one of the victims to an out of state place under the pretense of “just talking.” She pretended a suicide attempt to a colleague, blaming the victim being stalked. She stole one pet and killed another, and destroyed valuable property. It isn’t known to this day if any of her students were victims. Since then, this woman who makes a great impression publicly, has had name changes, been employed by a number of universities, and is potentially dangerous on a number of levels. The male victims were hesitant to tell anyone for the reason that most men don’t report being stalked—they know that they, even more than women, will not be believed. Yet, less than two percent of all victims turn out to be lying. Why won’t we believe victims?
Origins of stalking in the brain
Reports on brain imaging from Helen Fisher and Reid Meloy show that stalking seems to originate with once adaptive mechanisms for mating and reproduction —1) the sex drive or lust (testosterone), 2) attraction or romantic love (dopamine) and 3) attachment or companion love (vasopressin and oxytocin). The sex drive motivates people to consider a variety of possible partners for survival of the species. Attraction causes people to focus their energies on a specific individual. Attachment motivates people to remain in a relationship long enough to raise their offspring. However, these mechanisms in an individual with personality disorders such as narcissism or borderline personality disorders, combine in dangerous and often lethal ways. Stalking perpetrators often have attachment problems from early in life which may be the result of parental loss, neglect, abuse, or abandonment, and may also be related in some cases to genetic defect (Meloy, 2006, p. 278). It is important to note that most stalkers are not, as some think, psychopaths, sociopaths or schizophrenics.
Brain imaging studies of stalkers demonstrate elevated activity of the “feel good” chemical dopamine in the reward/motivation system. This activity produces focused attention and unwavering motivation and goal-directed behaviors. These are associated with other feelings including “exhilaration, increased energy, hyperactivity, and sleeplessness. This system can be stimulated by a number of phenomena including money and cocaine. Activation of these pathways is most likely related to several traits of the “spurned or unrequited” stalker. This response includes heightened energy and intense motivation to “pursue the victim” (Meloy, 2006, p. 357). Deactivation of other brain responses may be part of the problem. The right amygdala, involved in fear and other negative emotions, is deactivated and this may cause stalkers to be unable to pay attention to the dangers of their actions.
Another shared characteristic of lovers and stalkers is their obsessive thoughts about the loved one. They report that they cannot get these obtrusive thoughts out of their minds. This is linked to the suppressed activity of serotonin because research links low serotonin to obsessive thoughts. There seems to be a negative feedback loop between dopamine and serotonin. Low serotonin elevates dopamine activity and elevated dopamine suppresses serotonin. As the stalker feels energy, attention and motivation to pursue the victim, rising levels of dopamine suppress serotonin leading to more obsession and dysphoria. As obsession continues, dopamine further lowers serotonin. Other brain systems combine with these processes to produce the symptoms of “energy, impulsivity, dysphoria, fearlessness, and obsession” (Meloy, 2006, p. 359). Observers note that these individuals often act as if they are on methamphetamines—even when they are not.
Failed in attachment from childhood, caught in the negative feedback loop of increasing dopamine and decreasing serotonin, along with increasing levels of stress cortisol, continued rejection by the victim sets in motion a frustration-attraction response which may increase and sustain the stalker’s ability to stalk. They may also experience abandonment rage which happens when an expected reward is in doubt or unobtainable, stimulating the amygdala in the brain and triggering rage. Both romantic love and rage have a great deal in common. Both produce obsessive thinking, focused attention, motivation, and goal-directed behaviors desiring union—or revenge (Meloy, 2006, p. 361).
Fisher and Meloy point out that stalkers are in a state of addiction to their own chemicals. They are seen to relapse in the same way as addicts to cues such as people, events and songs (Meloy, 2006, pp. 364-365). One perpetrator said, “She was like a drug…that I needed…my high was being with her…I felt like dying when not with her.” After the victim obtained a protective order, he murdered her. He said he let his obsession ruin his life. “I lost it all because of my obsession…This obsession was bad…It was like being in heaven and in hell at the same time” (Meloy, 2006, p. 140.) It is important to notice the narcissism that focuses only on what happened to him—not the woman he supposedly loved but killed! Stalking is a form of addiction, while brain imaging of batterers demonstrates a misperception of cues causing batterers to mistakenly feel under attack and respond in misplaced attempts to protect themselves (George, D., et al., 2000). These differences require different responses to the crime of battering than to stalking. In stalking the perpetrator is responding to a real rejection in a pathological way. In battering, the perpetrator is responding to a perceived attack that doesn’t exist. One is reality based, the other is not.
Real cases—Stalking stumpers
Here I’m presenting what statistics tell us played out as real cases. These are examples of clients and calls from a distance with identifiers modified to protect the victims and their families. (We have checked for documentation and evidence in all these cases.)
1) A victim in a nearby county here in Oklahoma is still being stalked by her ex-husband after ten years. He has successfully used his long time connections with local police and a judge to discredit her well documented evidence of stalking. Her daughter has been exploited in court hearings related to custody issues. The woman has gone from one job to another where she begins hopefully, only to find that his fraternity organization has friends also employed at the different places she has worked and one has told her that “she will never keep a job long.” He has used every method from buying land next to her to place a trailer for surveillance, to breaking into electronic files of every kind. After ten years she no longer trusts any Oklahoma agency to help her.
2) In another nearby county in Oklahoma, a neighbor to a woman in her 20’s with a small child and an older husband on kidney dialysis, has been “stalking” her for more than two years now. It began with his coming over to her property when she was caring for the horses she trains and attempting to sexually molest her. Over a period of time, knowing that her husband was in no physical condition to protect her, he has threatened to follow her if she attempted to move, has threatened to poison her horses and dogs, has threatened her child, has obtained and threatened to use information about her extended family that even she didn’t know until she checked it out. After checking with the local agency and law enforcement she was told that she and her child would have to go to a shelter for safety but they could not help with her ill husband or take responsibility for her horses and large dogs. Since she supplements her minimum wage job by training horses, and some of the horses do not belong to her, that wasn’t an option. She first built a fence inside the existing fence so that he could not easily injure her child or poison the animals without coming onto her property. He then began a campaign to frighten the horses with loud noises when she was working with them. Since then, she has built a very large privacy fence around the whole area so that he cannot see her. Fortunately, she has the knowledge and physical strength to take such measures on her own, but it is not clear that her hard work and actions will stop him.
3) A social worker living in the corner of northeastern Oklahoma was stalked for 20 years and found herself never able to obtain help to prevent the stalking. After hearing that he was dead, she said she still couldn’t get over the fear she’d had of him for so long and had he died nearby, she would have needed to see for herself that he was truly dead. For her the nightmare continues.
4) Locally, a well known family has hired a private investigator to accompany their daughter who is being stalked by a classmate at school and the family does not think enough safety precautions have been taken by the school. They do not want the fact that she’s being stalked to show up in the press.
5) An Illinois woman, well known in her city, has an adult daughter being stalked across state lines who has moved twice to get away from him. The mother doesn’t want media attention but fears for the life of her daughter and so far she has not been able to obtain help from authorities.
6) A Pennsylvania woman, whose well respected father just retired as a hospital administrator, has been stalked for three years by a stranger. The parents told me long distance that they have spent all their retirement money and have had to move from their home trying to stop the stalker without success. When they’ve tried to document crimes and obtain reports, the local authorities have told them and their daughter that if they called and “bothered them again,” they would arrest the daughter and her parents. The stalker is being housed and supported by a psychiatrist in the area who feels that the stalker is just not “understood.”
Present responses to stalking
Forensic psychologist, Reid Meloy, writes that prosecuting and law enforcement agencies are loathe to get involved unless they have an established stalking unit, which often only exists in large metropolitan areas (Meloy, 2006, p. 107). He and others describe a seeming disinterest of police, requiring that victims be assertive so that officers will make incident reports despite their “reluctance” to do so (Meloy, 2006, p. 113). He has written, “Denial of the serious nature of this criminal behavior—and the high risk of violence—is still endemic among mental health and law enforcement professionals” (Meloy, 2006, p. 302.) The question that arises here is why do the very people with legal and ethical obligations to stalkers and their victims deny its reality and the needed responses. This is especially important since one study in 2002 found that 53% of mental health professionals have been stalked by their clients (Meloy, 2006, p. 287)—never mind the number of police who end up in harm’s way when earlier signs have been ignored and the stalker becomes violent.
A 2002 report from the US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (called “COPS”) speaks to this matter. The report, “Creating an effective Stalking Protocol”, noted that, at the start of a large metropolitan police department training on stalking protocol, a patrolman stated,
“I don’t recall anything being given to us about stalking. I don’t know what the definition of stalking is. It’s sad…there is no definition out there. We may have briefly gone over it in the academy...I don’t even know if the detectives will be able to tell you what stalking is. As far as I know I’ve never seen anyone arrested for that. I don’t know if it’s taken seriously.” p. 78
During the training, observations about the protocol included comments that judges do not always understand the issues:
“We know what the abusers say when they get to court. They make themselves very pitiful. They make the judges buy into it…It is very hard to get people to understand that picture.”
Another comment—
“I’ve seen judges listen to stalking cases. How do you convey that she moved out, and [that, when] he leaves a box of candy in the back of her car, that is really scary to her? And that she wants the law to do something about it? It’s not the punching. It’s not the physical stuff. So it’s harder to see.” p. 86.
And still another—
“I just had a phone call. I arrested her husband [previously], and he was charged with stalking and put on probation. And now he is out stalking her again. And then I have to talk to the complainant and we have to go through the whole arrest process.” p. 89
The report further stated in recommendations for police management and training that even after the training many officers did not fully attain a clear understanding of the nature of the crime—most notably the fact that physical violence need not occur, and strangers need not be involved. They reported continuing skepticism from police even in the face of training with statements such as, “This is not a problem here” or, “This is not really a crime” or, “Isn’t this a waste of my time?” p. 96
Learned helplessness?
In my 25 years of teaching on several campuses, I have taught numerous police in university classes, and I recall vividly their voiced pain and frustration about these kinds of crimes. So I have obtained some follow-up responses to those above. In a discussion with the victim’s advocate in that same city mentioned above, five years later, she tells me that “police here really still don’t “get it” about stalking. They don’t want to acknowledge how dangerous it is.” Follow-up interviews by our organization in the last few years have provided these responses—and a sense of societal helplessness.
Here are reports from interviews. These are not meant to be representative, but we already have the large scale research that they demonstrate. Be sure to listen to all the responses first before you agree, disagree or take offense!
A police officer—Stalking is a serious crime but “it doesn’t matter what we put in the reports because the DA’s won’t prosecute them.”
From a campus police woman in the northeast, cross-deputized with city police in a state where laws for intimate partners vs. stranger stalking are different: “We have to tell students to lie and say there was an intimate relationship even when there wasn’t, since without that they can’t get a protective order and would have to wait months and pay money to obtain a civil complaint before a judge—and the civil complaint is worthless. What are they supposed to tell their parents then if they’ve lied to get a protective order? Will the parents say they are to blame for getting into such a relationship in the first place—even when they didn’t? And what will happen when it’s found out in court that they lied—even though we had to tell them to?”
A sheriff deputy in the southwest said, off the record, that in his frustration when a woman had endured stalking for years, he told her to “shoot the stalker when possible and make it look like self defense.” (It’s not uncommon for families to say when frustrated that they are not receiving help from legal authorities that they are tempted to take matters “into their own hands.” But they often add, “We know we would go to jail, even if the stalkers never do!”)
A District Attorney—“We can’t prosecute stalking cases like we want because the police won’t make adequate reports and the judges won’t accept the evidence we have.”
A Judge—Stalking is not something the courts were “made to handle.”
An US Postal Inspector expert on identity theft—“There are only two of us in the area and identity theft in stalking is separate and has to be taken to the FBI.”
From an FBI Agent—“We don’t have enough people in our area to handle stalking cases.”
A Private Investigator—“We are told that we have a “conflict of interest” and information or documentation that we provide must be ignored by the police or courts since we are hired by the victim.”
Landline Phone companies, in spite of what it says in the phone book, will not take reports. They tell you to call 911.
Cell Phone Companies won’t give out information regarding harassing calls and threats without subpoenas, and law enforcement says they can’t issue subpoenas without cell phone records.
A Legislator—“Laws can only do so much. These people break laws so there’s nothing that can be done.” (The last I heard, our prisons are overflowing with people who have broken the law.)
Is it possible people could get together as a community to work on ways to address problems that affect us more even than heart attacks and breast cancer so that victims and agencies don’t feel helplessly frustrated about what others do or don’t do. Can we stop “passing the buck?”
Several years ago, the Stalking Resource Center in DC wrote that “customary instructions may actually be placing victims in further danger.” // In our mental health organization we have learned that it is crucial to separate much of the advice given to domestic violence victims. Both stalking and domestic violence may be involved, just as you can have a brain tumor and intestinal parasites at the same time, but treating them as the same disorder can be dangerous. Protective or restraining orders often do work in domestic violence, but rarely work with stalkers who ignore them and are often incited to violence when they’re filed. In addition, a US Supreme Court decision in 2005 determined that police are not required to enforce protective orders. People respond better when there is bleeding and bruising than when there is stalking—in the media, as in life, this is known as “what bleeds, leads.” Family and friends can see symptoms when victims are battered, but will likely not see stalking behaviors until it is too late.
Stopping stalkers and holding stalkers accountable
Is that what we want? Are we truly so helpless? In 2007, The National Center for Victims of Crime News posted the following statement, “Stalking is a deadly serious crime that has life-altering impact on victims, and we need to do a better job in this country to hold stalkers accountable and keep victims safe.”
How do we successfully hold stalkers accountable and keep victims safe? Protective orders usually do not work. Most often counseling of perpetrators accompanied by imprisonment does not obtain the results we want. Allowing stalkers to go free clearly doesn’t work—we are paying a terrible price for what we are, and are not, doing now, and the message given to the children of stalkers is that stalking is acceptable to society. Nor do stalker’s children need the stigma and financial loss of having a parent incarcerated—remember that two-thirds of stalkers have children of their own. In a major research project stalking victims reported that “they were at a loss as to the right thing to do and everything they tried turned out wrong.”
What do we know about what might work? The goal is to stop the crime and hold stalkers accountable. Here are some suggestions:
1) In their obsession, stalkers don’t respect the law, protective orders, etc., but they do rely on help and support from friends and colleagues for help in their stalking. Thus peers educated that stalking is not acceptable can act as a more legitimate authority to the stalker than law enforcement.
2) Neighborhood watch groups and other community groups can be educated about stalking and how to detect it and why it is in their best interest to do so.
3) Tracking devices can be used on perpetrators—appropriate since perpetrators so enjoy using them on their victims!
4) A half-way house should be considered for perpetrators—where they can work and earn money, be held accountable, and contribute to family and society while they’re monitored. Stalkers are intelligent, generally knowledgeable and can be hard workers—look how hard they work when they stalk! It has never made sense to “lock up” the victims and children in shelters since stalking happens over months and years and shelters cannot hold families that long. Also, it is documented that stalkers often know the addresses of the shelters before the clients do—and when they don’t we have seen “well meaning people often tell stalkers where the shelters are.”
5) And we do know a number of ways to modify dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain—including, but not limited to, pharmaceutical products. With modification and normalization of these levels, more appropriate ways to grieve and accept rejection can be taught.
6) Society must come to take the crime of stalking seriously—it is not “funny,” or a “joke,” or the victim “deserved it,” or “if we ignore it stalking will go away.” Remember, it’s not good for stalkers to stalk, and it sure isn’t good for victims, their children, their families, their friends, the community, and the larger society.
Finally, it is time to seek better answers as we have for other deadly diseases such as heart disease and breast cancer. St. Francis has a long record of success in these diseases. I know, they treated cancer in two of my children. And there’s brain imaging available nearby. Let’s use it! Thank you!
References
Hall, D. M. 1998. Victims of stalking. In J. R. Meloy, ed., The Psychology of Stalking: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives. San Diego, California: Academic Press
Meloy, J. Reid. 2006. The Scientific Pursuit of Stalking. San Diego: Specialized Training Services.
Meloy, J.R. 1998. The Psychology of Stalking: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives. San Diego, California: Academic Press
Pathe, R., Mullen, P. 1997. The impact of stalkers on their victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170:12-17.
Roberts, A. R. & Dziegielewski, S. F. 1996, Assessment, typology, and intervention with the survivors of stalking. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 1, 359-368.
Sapolsky, R. 1996. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science, 273:749-750.
Stalking Resource Center –National Center for Victims of Crime (www.ncvc.org/src)
US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2002, Creating an effective Stalking Protocol. pp. 78, 86, 96.
http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/feature/2002/06/11/stalker_tech/index.html
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/06/tech/main539596.shtml gps
http://tifromjacksonville.blogspot.com/2007/09/young-stalkers-used-to-take-fall.html surrogete stalker
http://www.ncvc.org/src/main.aspx?dbID=DB_StalkingTechnology139
http://www.sptimes.com/2005/02/18/Tampabay/Advocates_aim_to_pull.shtml
http://www.sweethacks.com/stalker-remotely-controls-family-cellphones-even-when-theyre-off/
Copyright © 2008 by T. K Wolf, Inc. P.O. Box 1185, Skiatook, OK 74070 Ph: 918-396-1467; tkwolf7@aol.com; www.tkwolf.com
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